Ultra-filtration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which pressure or concentration gradients leads to a separation through a semi permeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the retentive, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate. UF can be used for the removal of particulates and macromolecules from raw water to produce potable water. They have been used to either replace existing secondary (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation) and tertiary filtration (sand filtration and chlorination) systems employed in water treatment plants or as standalone systems in isolated regions with growing populations. When treating water with high suspended solids, UF is often integrated into the process, utilizing primary (screening, flotation, and filtration) and some secondary treatments as pre-treatment stages.

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